All objects have a mass and therefore a gravity field. Earth’s gravitational pull is slightly stronger in areas with more mass and slightly weaker in areas with less mass. Gravimeters measure gravitational attraction.
In volcano studies, gravimeters help scientists detect subtle changes in gravity caused by magma movements. When measuring gravity in volcanically active areas, a measurement of stronger gravity can indicate more magma below the ground surface.
There are two main types of gravimeters: relative and absolute.
Relative gravimeters are the most common. They contain a weight attached to a sensitive vertical spring. Gravity stretches the spring, and the amount of stretch is proportional to the measurement of local gravity. The relative gravimeter measures the difference of gravity between various locations. Unfortunately, these instruments suffer from “drift,” which adds noise to measurements conducted over more than a few weeks-to-months, and their accuracy gradually decreases. The drift can be characterized and removed by measurements repeated frequently.
Absolute gravimeters directly measure the acceleration of gravity. Free-fall absolute gravimeters, the most common type, use lasers to measure the free-fall acceleration of a small reflecting prism (a test mass) in a vacuum. Unlike relative gravimeters, absolute gravimeters do not drift nor degrade in accuracy over time. However, they are large in size, have delicate mechanical parts, require an ample power supply, and are not designed for use in harsh field conditions such as volcanoes. Those that are field portable are not capable of long-term continuous measurements or sensitive enough to detect the small changes needed for volcano monitoring.
Similar to the free-fall absolute gravimeters, HVO’s new AQG measures the acceleration of a small test mass in a vacuum. However, the AQG overcomes the limitations of classical free-fall absolute gravimeters by dropping clouds of laser-cooled rubidium atoms instead of small prisms. This allows for accurate and long-term continuous measurements. The AQG is also compact in size and can be deployed in the field at active volcanoes and run continuously without “drift.”
The same model of AQG has been installed on the north flank of Mount Etna volcano in Italy, which frequently erupts. The instrument has successfully recorded many months of high-quality data despite high vibration noise levels. It continues to help improve volcano hazard reporting and crisis management planning in Italy.
Currently, HVO’s AQG is undergoing experimental testing and calibration. Eventually, its long-term home will be co-located with other instruments at Kilauea’s summit, where it will take continuous measurements except when conducting occasional field deployments.
Although the AQG is new to HVO, gravity monitoring has a long history in Hawaii. First measurements in the 1800s and 1900s were difficult and often unsuccessful until portable relative gravimeters were developed. Since the 1970s, relative gravimeters have been successfully used for measurements at over 65 benchmarks on the Island of Hawai‘i. These benchmarks are measured every couple of years to detect magma accumulation or shallowing within Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes over long time scales.
Additionally, starting around 2010, there were a handful of continuous relative gravimeters at Kilauea summit and Pu‘u ‘O‘o. They played a critical role in monitoring the 2018 Kilauea eruption, allowing scientists to estimate the rate and volume of magma accumulation and withdrawal in the East Rift Zone and summit. Unfortunately, these instruments were either lost during summit collapses associated with the eruption or have since stopped functioning, leaving HVO with no operational continuous gravimeters for several years.
Following the 2018 Kilauea events, HVO received funding from the Additional Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Act of 2019 (H.R. 2157). As a start to rebuilding the continuous gravity network for Kilauea, one gravimeter was reinstalled on Halema‘uma‘u crater floor in June 2021. In April, there are plans to install two additional continuous relative gravimeters at other locations on Kilauea.
The combination of the new Absolute Quantum Gravimeter, new continuous gravimeters, and ongoing campaign measurements makes the future of using gravity measurements to monitor, investigate, and assess hazards of Hawaiian volcanoes exciting and promising.
Volcano activity updates
Kilauea volcano is erupting. its USGS Volcano Alert level is at WATCH. Kilauea updates are issued daily.
Over the past week, lava has continued to intermittently erupt from the western vent within Halema‘uma‘u crater. All lava is confined within Halema‘uma‘u crater in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Sulfur dioxide emission rates remain elevated and were last measured at approximately 1,900 tons per day on March 10, during eruptive activity.
Mauna Loa is not erupting and remains at Volcano Alert Level ADViSORY. Mauna Loa updates are issued weekly.
This past week, about 44 small-magnitude earthquakes were recorded below the summit and upper elevation flanks of Mauna Loa — the majority of these occurred at shallow depths less than 6 miles below sea level. GPS measurements show low rates of ground deformation over the past week.
One earthquake was reported felt in the Hawaiian Islands during the past week: a magnitude-3.0 earthquake about 6 miles east-northeast of Pahala on March 14 at 9:30 p.m.
Visit https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/hawaiian-volcano-observatory for past Volcano Watch articles, updates, photos, maps, recent earthquake info, and more. Email questions to askHVO@usgs.gov.
