WASHINGTON — The Supreme Court on Monday refused to hear two cases arising from efforts by states to bar Planned Parenthood clinics from the Medicaid program, drawing a rebuke from the court’s three most conservative justices and opening a window into the court’s internal dynamics.
It takes four votes to add a case to the court’s docket, but the cases attracted only three — Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito and Neil Gorsuch. Neither of the court’s other conservatives — Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Brett Kavanaugh — proved willing to supply a fourth vote.
That split on the right side of the court is evidence that Roberts is trying to keep the court out of major controversies and that Kavanaugh, who joined the court in October after a fierce confirmation battle, is, for now at least, following his lead.
In his dissent, Thomas questioned his colleagues’ motives. They had voted to duck the cases, he wrote, for a bad reason.
“What explains the court’s refusal to do its job here?” Thomas wrote. “I suspect it has something to do with the fact that some respondents in these cases are named ‘Planned Parenthood.’ “
But, he said, the cases are not about abortion rights, but only about whether individuals may sue to challenge decisions by states to withdraw funding from Planned Parenthood clinics.
“This question is important and recurring,” he wrote. “Around 70 million Americans are on Medicaid, and the question presented directly affects their rights. If the majority of the courts of appeals are correct, then Medicaid patients could sue when, for example, a state removes their doctor as a Medicaid provider or inadequately reimburses their provider.”
Though the general legal question of who may challenge funding decisions has no particular political implications, recent cases have involved efforts by state officials opposed to abortion to cut off payments to Planned Parenthood clinics.
In letting stand two decisions allowing patients to challenge state funding determinations, the Supreme Court effectively sided with Planned Parenthood.
In the cases the justices turned away Monday, from Kansas and Louisiana, appeals courts acknowledged that states have broad power to decide which health care providers may supply services for the program. But that power has limits, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit, in Denver, ruled in the case from Kansas, Andersen v. Planned Parenthood of Kansas, No. 17-1340.
“States may not terminate providers from their Medicaid program for any reason they see fit, especially when that reason is unrelated to the provider’s competence and the quality of the health care it provides,” Judge Gregory A. Phillips wrote for a divided three-judge panel.
Five of the six appeals courts that have considered the issue sided with the clinics. The exception is the 8th Circuit, in St. Louis, which last year allowed Arkansas to withdraw Medicaid financing for Planned Parenthood. Disagreement among federal appeals courts often prompts Supreme Court review.
The Supreme Court also declined to hear a companion case from Louisiana, Gee v. Planned Parenthood of Gulf Coast, No. 17-1492.
What Counts as Burglary
The court unanimously decided that invasions of mobile homes and other vehicles count as “burglaries” for purposes of the federal Armed Career Criminal Act, a kind of three-strikes statute. It requires stiffer sentences for people convicted of possessing firearms if they have earlier been found guilty of three violent felonies or serious drug charges.
The law says burglaries are violent felonies that can require longer sentences. But it does not specify what qualifies as a burglary.
The Supreme Court has said the crime requires invasion of “a building or structure.” But the defendants in the two cases — Victor Stitt of Tennessee and Jason Sims of Arkansas — were convicted under state laws that allow prosecutions of burglaries of mobile homes and other vehicles in which people sleep.
Justice Stephen Breyer, writing for the court, quoted from an earlier decision describing a purpose of the law. It was meant, the court said, to cover crimes that give rise to “the possibility of a violent confrontation between the offender and an occupant, caretaker or some other person who comes to investigate.”
The cases, U.S. v. Stitt, No. 17-765, and U.S. v. Sims, No. 17-766, were argued in October on Kavanaugh’s first day on the bench.
Agency Regulations
The court also added an appeal to its docket, one that asks it to overrule its 1997 decision in Auer v. Robbins, which ruled that agencies’ interpretations of their own regulations are generally entitled to deference. The Auer decision has been the subject of much criticism and several justices have urged the Supreme Court to revisit the ruling. In a 2016 dissent, Thomas said it was “on its last gasp.”
The new case, Kisor v. Wilkie, No. 18-15, concerns a regulation of the Department of Veterans Affairs concerning disability benefits.