Last week’s Volcano Watch provided details of events leading up to the dropping of bombs on a Mauna Loa lava flow on Dec. 27, 1935. Here’s the rest of the story.
Even though the 1935 Humu’ula flow was still miles from Hilo, Thomas A. Jaggar, Director of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and architect of the experiment, requested aerial bombing of the lava. His motivation was to prevent the flow’s advance into the nearby Wailuku River, which would affect the city’s water supply.
Hours after bombs were dropped by U.S. Army Air Corps airplanes, Jaggar declared the bombing a success on a radio broadcast. “Our purpose was not to stop the lava flow, but to start it all over again at the source so that it will take a new course,” he said. The bombs were successfully dropped (“direct hits on all targets”), but Jaggar waited to see any effects on the lava flow.
The Humu’ula flow slowed but continued to advance, and at 10 a.m. on Dec. 28, it turned northeast into the Hilo Forest Reserve 19 miles from Hilo Bay. Fires ignited by the lava were visible from Hilo and posed an additional threat to Hilo’s water supply.
By late Dec. 28, Jaggar reported on the flow’s slowing, but was not yet prepared to say that it was the result of the previous day’s bombing. There were no reports of a new flow issuing from the vents, “which,” according to Jaggar, “was the object of the bombing.”
The flow stopped overnight but resumed its forward movement on Sunday evening and continued to advance toward the Wailuku River headwaters. By Jan. 2, 1936, the Humu’ula flow was declared dead, but gas emissions from the Northeast Rift Zone vents continued.
Jaggar was convinced that the bombing “helped hasten end of the flow.” He said that “in a natural end, the lava would not cease so abruptly.” He expanded on this a few days later: “The Army in one day’s work has stopped a lava flow, which might have continued indefinitely, and have caused incalculable damage to forest, water resources, and city.” There was no mention of whether the diversion had been caused as originally hypothesized.
In late summer 1939, Jaggar visited the 1935 bombing targets. “A striking feature of the bombed area was the existence upstream from some bomb-holes, of tunnel-openings where pudgy pasty stiff semi-aa lava welled up as a heap or pudding. The smashing of the tunnel had cooled the oncoming liquid so that it dammed itself. This confirmed the theory that the bombing solidified the tunnel lava back into the heart of the mountain. With 12 hits out of 16, … there can be no question whatever that the bombing stopped the flow.” Jaggar confirmed his earlier post-bombing conclusion that the bombs had plugged the vent.
A field investigation in the late 1970s reached a different conclusion: “Ground examination of the bombing site showed no evidence that the bombing had increased viscosity, and … the cessation of the 1935 flow soon after the bombing must be considered a coincidence.”
Even as it unfolded, many were skeptical. Jaggar’s boss, Hawaii National Park Superintendent E.G. Wingate, planned to send explosives to the target areas via land because he didn’t believe aerial bombing would be accurate. The Army pilots doubted that bombs would have much effect on an active lava channel, and after dropping them, remained unconvinced.
Regarding the success or failure of using explosives to influence the 1935 lava flow, our view is that the bombing was carried out as the eruption was already waning. Bombing did not start a new flow at the source as Jaggar originally hoped. The Humu‘ula flow did not cease abruptly after the bombing but died slowly over the following week. The 1970s investigation confirmed no thickening of vent lava by the bombs as Jaggar claimed.
Volcanologists continually improve methods to forecast lava flows and the hazards they pose. But decisions about lava diversion must be made by local emergency managers. The practicality of lava flow diversion in Hawaii is addressed in our Dec. 25, 2014, Volcano Watch.
Back to the 1935 pointer bomb on Mauna Loa. Perhaps it should be left intact as a reminder that lava diversion may not be technically, economically, nor socially feasible for most future Hawaiian eruptions, but is an option that could be considered for some situations.
Visit https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/ for past Volcano Watch articles, Kilauea and Mauna Loa updates, volcano photos, maps, recent earthquake info, and more. Email questions to askHVO@usgs.gov.
Volcano Watch is a weekly article and activity update written by U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists and affiliates.
Volcano Activity Updates
Kilauea Volcano is not erupting. Its USGS Volcano Alert level remains at NORMAL (https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/about_alerts.html). Kilauea updates are issued monthly.
Kilauea monitoring data over the past month showed no significant changes in seismicity, sulfur dioxide emission rates, or deformation. The water lake at the bottom of Halema’uma’u continued to slowly expand and deepen.
Mauna Loa is not erupting. Its USGS Volcano Alert level remains at ADVISORY. This alert level does not mean that an eruption is imminent or that progression to an eruption is certain. Mauna Loa updates are issued weekly.
This past week, about 156 small-magnitude earthquakes were recorded beneath the upper elevations of Mauna Loa; the strongest was a magnitude-2.3 quake on March 8. The flurry of small earthquakes on known fault structures noted last week is tapering off. Monitoring data showed that slow summit inflation continued and fumarole temperature and gas concentrations on the Southwest Rift Zone remain stable.
No earthquakes were reported felt in the Hawaiian Islands this past week.