Mitt Romney and Barack Obama have traded barbs over coal in both their debates, each accusing the other of failing to champion the fuel. It’s a shame that neither presidential candidate acknowledges the difficult economic reality coal now faces, or mentions that this form of power still produces intolerable amounts of pollution and greenhouse gases.
“I’m going to make sure we can continue to burn clean coal,” Romney, the Republican nominee, said at the first debate on Oct. 3. Obama didn’t disagree. When they met again this week, they vied to come across as coal’s staunchest defender.
Nonetheless, the question remains: How can we “continue to burn clean coal,” when we’ve never done so before?
In the near future, U.S. coal-fired power plants will be required to scrub their emissions of mercury and other toxic pollutants. They also may have to eliminate more sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the chief ingredients of acid rain. Even then, coal power will still put out too much carbon dioxide, the main human-produced greenhouse gas.
Only when CO2 is also removed from the exhaust will it be truthful to speak of coal as “clean.” When that happens, we will happily embrace it as the source of some significant share of U.S. electricity.
What the candidates also fail to mention is coal consumption is already declining as a result of economic realities that have little to do with federal regulations meant to make it cleaner. The price of natural gas, coal’s main competitor in the electricity-generation business, has fallen to historic lows. Natural-gas power plants, cheap and easy to build and run, are springing up across the U.S. Electricity demand is almost flat. And slowly but surely, as states demand it, renewable sources of power such as solar and wind are carrying a greater share of demand.
So coal is unlikely to ever provide as much cheap wattage as it once did. It now accounts for 39 percent of U.S. electricity, down from almost half only five years ago. (Over the same period, the share provided by natural gas has risen to 34 percent, from 22 percent.) Many old plants built in the 1950s and 1960s have been closing, and some are being altered to use natural gas as fuel.
Yes, federal clean-air regulations — which Romney castigates and Obama inadequately defends — will surely accelerate some of these closures. This doesn’t mean, however, that federal red tape is killing coal, as Romney would have it.
It reflects the increased attention to public health in the decades since Congress passed the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act meant to eventually restrict power-plant emissions. This past spring, the Environmental Protection Agency finalized a rule requiring coal plants to reduce emissions of mercury and other toxic pollutants by 90 percent over the next few years. Mercury, a potent neurotoxin, rains from polluted air into lakes, rivers and streams, where it is consumed by fish. When pregnant women eat the fish, it can impair their children’s intelligence, and, according to a recent study, increase the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-related behaviors.
Coal plants that add equipment to comply with the mercury rule will also emit less sulfur dioxide and fine particles, which are linked to a variety of physical ailments. All told, the rule is expected to save thousands of lives and prevent more than 100,000 heart and asthma attacks every year.
Further pollution restrictions are coming. Ideally, all coal-fired power plants will eventually be built or retrofitted with the capacity to capture carbon from smokestacks and store it underground or find safe uses for it. There are two challenges with this, however: Coal power with carbon-capture technology is almost 50 percent more expensive to produce — and almost twice as costly as natural-gas-generated energy, according to a Bloomberg Government analysis.
Making this a workable solution will take some pushing. We have endorsed, for example, the National Enhanced Oil Recovery Initiative’s recommendation that Congress create a production tax credit for power companies that capture carbon dioxide from power plants and send it to oil companies to use to free trapped crude from underground rock formations.
As coal power’s share of electricity generation shrinks, the most logical replacement is natural gas.
A simplistic political debate over whether to return to coal’s dirty past — to roll back the mercury rule and call off any new emissions regulations, as Romney suggests — won’t achieve our goals. It only stands in the way of having a realistic discussion about our energy future.
(Disclosure: Bloomberg Philanthropies, the charitable foundation of New York Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg, principal owner of Bloomberg LP, is donating $50 million to the Sierra Club’s campaign to shut down coal plants.)
